Your toddler’s gastrointestinal system (gut/GI system) plays an incredibly important role in your child’s overall health – it is here that all nutrients are received, processed, and distributed to nourish the body. But did you know that there is a very special connection between your child’s gastrointestinal system and brain, known as the gut-brain axis? Also known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), scientists even call the gastrointestinal system the second brain¹. Let’s take a deeper look at the gut and brain connection and what it means for your 13-15-month-old child’s heath.

The science behind the gut and brain connection

The gut and brain communicate through neurotransmitters – think of these as chemical messengers. Those that are produced in the brain (like serotonin) influence feelings and emotions. Interestingly, the gut also produces neurotransmitters that travel via the ENS. The ENS consists of millions of nerves, neurons and neurotransmitters that line the gut. Stretching from the oesophagus (the tube that takes food and liquid from the throat to the stomach) to the rectum, the ENS includes the vagus nerve, which connects to the hypothalamus in the brain. The hypothalamus controls hunger and emotions.²

Gut impact on the brain

Another important element in the gut-brain axis consists of the trillions of bacteria and other microorganisms that reside in your child’s gut (gut microbiome).²   

Here are some of the things we know about how the gut microbiome could impact the brain.^{5, 6, 7, 8}

Given this intricate relationship between the gut, its microbiome, and the brain, it is important that parents keep their toddler’s gut healthy and happy for optimal overall health.

How to support your toddler’s gastrointestinal development

At birth, your baby’s gut is colonised by millions of microbes that form the gut microbiome. This can happen in two ways: via the mother’s birth canal in natural birth, or from the hospital environment in a Caesarean section.⁹

Ensuring your toddler is not exposed to stressful situations can also help keep the microbiome healthy – research showed that exposure to stress can cause imbalances in the microbiome.¹¹

References:
¹ John Hopkins Medicine. The Brain-Gut Connection. Accessed on 5^th March, 2022 from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/the-brain-gut-connection
² Lima-Ojeda, J et al. Happy Gut Bacteria, Happy Brain: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Frontiers for Young Minds. Published on 11^th February, 2019. Accessed on 5^th March, 2022 from https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2019.00015#:~:text=Gut%20bacteria%20have%20a%20strong,bacteria%20living%20in%20the%20gut.
³ Breit, S. et al. Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry. Published 13^th March 2018. Accessed on 5^th March, 2022 from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044/full#:~:text=The%20vagus%20nerve%20carries%20an,thorax%20down%20to%20the%20abdomen.
⁴ Sahar, T. et al. Vagal modulation of responses to mental challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. Published 1st April 2001. Accessed on 5th April, 2022 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11297721/
⁵ Clarke, G et al. Minireview: Gut Microbiota: The Neglected Endocrine Organ. Mol Endocrinol. Published in August 2014. Accessed on 5^th March, 2022 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5414803/
⁶ Chambers, E et al. Control of appetite and energy intake by SCFA: what are the potential underlying mechanisms? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Published in December 2014. Accessed on 5^th March, 2022 from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/control-of-appetite-and-energy-intake-by-scfa-what-are-the-potential-underlying-mechanisms/A1EFBE12AD6F9838EBE3D7314D1EE1B4
⁷ Howes, L. How your gut might modify your mind. Chemical and Engineering News. Published on 8^th April, 2020. Accessed on 5^th March, 2022 from https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/microbiome/gut-might-modify-mind/97/i14
⁸ Carpenter, S. That Gut Feeling. Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association. Published in September 2012. Accessed on 5^th March, 2022 from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/09/gut-feeling
⁹ Hunt, K. Babies born by C-section have less of their mom’s gut bacteria. Here’s why that might be important. CNN Health. Published on 19^th September, 2019. Accessed on 22^nd February, 2022 from https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/18/health/babies-gut-microbiome-birth-vaginal-c-section-intl/index.html)
¹⁰ The European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. Infant gut microbiota develops in three stages. Accessed on 5^th March, 2022 from https://www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/infant-gut-microbiota-develops-in-three-stages/
¹¹ Madison, A et al. Stress, depression, diet, and the gut microbiota: human–bacteria interactions at the core of psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition. Curr Opin Behav Sci. Accessed on 5^th March, 2022 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7213601/

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